Rust cho Kỹ sư Hệ thống Systems

Rust Engineering — Không phải Tutorial, mà là Internals

Tại sao Rust?

Rust giải quyết bài toán khó nhất của Systems Programming: Memory Safety mà không cần Garbage Collector.

⚠️ CẢNH BÁO

Module này KHÔNG dành cho người mới học Rust. Đây là deep-dive vào cách Rust hoạt động "under the hood" — từ Memory Layout đến Vtable, từ Borrow Checker đến Stack Unwinding.

Kiến trúc Module

Cấu trúc Module

📚 Foundations - Nền tảng mới

Variables & Mutability, Primitive Types, Functions & Control Flow. Dành cho engineers từ C++/Java/Python. Bắt đầu tại đây!

💾 Core - Nền tảng

Memory Layout, Stack vs Heap, Sized Types, Ownership, Borrow Checker, Lifetimes. Hiểu từ CPU register level.

🔷 Abstraction - Trừu tượng hóa

Trait System, Static vs Dynamic Dispatch, Vtable internals, Marker Traits, Pattern Matching nâng cao.

⚙️ System Mastery - Làm chủ Hệ thống

Smart Pointers (Box, Rc, Arc, RefCell), Error Handling architecture, Panic mechanics.

⚡ Concurrency & Async

Fearless Concurrency, OS Threads, MPSC Channels, Atomics, Future trait, Tokio runtime, Pin/Unpin.

🌑 The Dark Arts

Metaprogramming (macro_rules!, Procedural Macros), Unsafe Rust, Raw Pointers, FFI, transmute.

🚀 Production & WASM

WebAssembly với wasm-bindgen, Binary size optimization, Criterion benchmarking, Profile-Guided Optimization.

🌐 Network & Systems I/O

Raw sockets, Packet construction, Custom binary protocols, epoll/kqueue/IOCP, Building async runtime từ scratch.

🔧 Embedded & Bare Metal

#![no_std], Custom allocators, MMIO, embedded-hal, IDT, VGA text mode, OS kernel development.

🔬 Compiler Internals

HIR, MIR, LLVM IR, Compilation pipeline. Assembly analysis, SIMD optimizations.

📊 Data Engineering

FFI, PyO3, Python extensions. LSM Trees, WAL, B-Tree disk serialization.

Rust vs Ngôn ngữ khác

Đặc điểm	C/C++	Go	Rust
Memory Safety	❌ Manual	✅ GC	✅ Compile-time
Data Races	❌ Runtime bugs	✅ Goroutines	✅ Compile-time prevention
Zero-cost Abstractions	✅	❌	✅
Null Pointer	❌ NULL	❌ nil	✅ Option<T>
Learning Curve	Medium	Easy	Hard

Khác biệt của PENALGO

Nơi khác	PENALGO
"Ownership là gì"	Move semantics ở mức CPU register
Trait basics	Vtable layout, monomorphization trade-offs
Box, Rc usage	Reference counting internals (atomic vs non-atomic)
Generic error handling	thiserror, stack unwinding vs abort

Dành cho ai?

✅ Systems Programmers từ C/C++ background
✅ Backend Engineers muốn hiểu Rust internals
✅ Performance Engineers cần zero-cost abstractions
✅ Security Engineers quan tâm memory safety

❌ Người chưa biết cú pháp Rust cơ bản
❌ Người tìm "Rust trong 24 giờ"

Bắt đầu từ đâu?

📚 Foundations (Dành cho người mới)

0. Variables & Types: Foundations Part 1 — Variables, Primitives, Control Flow
1. Ownership & Borrowing: Foundations Part 2 — ⚠️ CRITICAL - The Law of Rust
2. Idiomatic Rust: Foundations Part 3 — Error Handling, Collections, Traits

🟢 Fundamentals

3. Nền tảng chắc: Memory Layout — hiểu Stack/Heap trong Rust
4. Advanced Borrowing: Lifetimes & NLL — Lifetimes, Fat Pointers

🟡 Intermediate

5. Abstraction: Trait System — Static vs Dynamic Dispatch
6. Real-world: Smart Pointers — Rc, Arc, RefCell

🔴 Advanced

7. Concurrency: Fearless Concurrency — Threads, Atomics
8. Async: Async Runtimes — Future, Tokio, Pin

⚫ Expert

9. Macros: Metaprogramming — macro_rules!, Procedural
10. Unsafe: Unsafe Rust — Raw pointers, FFI
11. Production: WebAssembly — WASM deployment

🌐 Systems Networking

12. Network: Network & Systems I/O — Raw sockets, OS event queues

🔧 Embedded & Bare Metal

13. Embedded: Embedded Systems — #![no_std], Microcontrollers, OS Dev

🔬 Compiler & Data

14. Internals: Compiler Internals — HIR, MIR, LLVM IR, Assembly
15. Data: Data Engineering — FFI, PyO3, Storage Engines

🏢 Enterprise & Production

16. Architecture: Enterprise — Hexagonal, DDD, Cloud Native, Tauri

🚀 Future & Ecosystem

17. Capstone: Future & Ecosystem — Native AI/ML, Blessed Crates

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"Rust's ownership system is a zero-cost abstraction for memory safety."
— Đây không chỉ là marketing, mà là engineering reality.